1 What Causes War Atrocities: A Historical Analysis 9
History of War Atrocities 10
2 Battle of Shanghai and the Prelude to Nanking 38
Outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Battle of Shanghai 38
Japanese Army's March to Nanking 51
3 Nanking: Analysis of Military Actions and Number of Victims 81
Casualties for which the Chinese Forces Were Responsible 83
Execution of Plainclothes Soldiers, POWs, and Men of Conscription Age 90
Total Number of Victims 109
4 Nanking: Analysis of Individually Committed Crimes and Nature of Atrocities 128
Crimes Individually Committed 128
Nature and Causes of Atrocities in Nanking 138
5 Aftermath and Reaction until 1945 158
West (Especially the United States) 169
Chinese Preparations for War Crimes Trials 190
Tokyo War Crimes Trial 199
7 Sounds of Controversy 234
Start and Renewal of Controversy 235
Critical Review and Analysis of Revisionist Views 239
Critical Review and Analysis of Traditionalist Views 246
Emergence of Centrist Views and the Balance Sheet of the Debate 251
Recent Chinese and Western Views 258
Nanking and the Holocaust: Historiographical Analysis 262
Summary of the Rape of Nanking Debate: Analogy with a Court of Law 270
Appendix A Japanese and Chinese Forces in Nanking 291
Appendix B Burial Statistics of Red Swastika Society in Nanking 295
Appendix C Burial Records of Ch'ung-shan-t'ang 299
Appendix D Civilian Losses Based on Smythe's Data 303.
