Chemistry for sustainable technologies: a foundation

1 .Scope of the Book. References 2. Setting the Scene. The State of the Planet The 'Trilemma' Human Population and its Growth Our Attitudes to Technology and How We Come by Them Science, Controversy and the Media Chemisty and the Chemical Industry Why We Cannot Turn the Clock Back Synthetic Bad, Natural Good? Decision-making and 'Wicked' Problems Sustainable Development and Hyperdisciplinarity The Role of the Expert References Bibliography Webliography 3. Sustainalitily and Sustainable Development. What is Sustainability? And is it Different from Sustainable Development? Environmental Burden or Carrying Capacity Footprints: Ecological, Carbon and Water Requirements for Sustainability References Bibliography Webliography

4. Science and its Importance. What is Science? The Scientific Method Hypotheses, Models, Theories and Laws Exchange of Scientific Knowledge: Peer Review Science and Authority Science and Technology Good Science, Bad Science and the Media Care in What We Say and How We Say It Ignorance, Uncertainty and Indeterminancy References Bibliography Webliography 5. Chemistry of the Environment. Environmental Science and Environmental Chemistry Geochemistry Global Geochemical Cycling of the Elements The Carbon Cycle I: The Role of Carbon Dioxide The Sun The Greenhouse Effect Global Warming Potential The Carbon Cycle II: Methane and its Atmospheric Lifetime The Nitrogen Cycle, Nitrous Oxide and Biomass Production Human Impact on the Environment Geophysiology or Earth Systems Science Geoengineering References Bibliography Webliography

6. Waste, Pollution and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. What is Waste? When Waste Becomes Pollution Chemical Waste: Sheldon's E-factor Approaches to Chemical Waste Minimisation Waste Minimisation Hierarchy Chemical Waste: Historical Trends and Changes Inevitability of Waste (But Not Necessarily of Pollution) Importance of Defining Boundaries Life-cycle Inventory The Central Importance of Thermodynamics Entropy and Waste Work and the Carnot Cycle Real Processes: Exergy Exergetic Analysis Exergetic Comparison of Processes for Ethanol Production References Bibliography Webliography 7. Measurement. Reaction Yield Mass Balance Conversion Selectivity Atom Efficiency Process Chemistry Balance Yield Reaction Mass Efficiency Other Metrics References Bibliography Webliography

8. Chemistry: Necessary but not Sufficient.

Prebiotic Chemistry (Organic, Inorganic and Physical)

The 50 Millionth Chemical Substance

CAS Registry Number 173075-49-5

The Significance of Small Things

Tamiflu

Chemistry in the Real World

Metathesis, Fullerenes and the Nobel Prize

Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards

Green Chemistry: A Brief History

Principles of Green Chemistry

'Green' Reaction Media

References

Bibliography

Webliography

9. Chemical Processing.

Technological Development and Experience Curves

Stages of Technological Development

Investment and Risk

Product Development

Patenting

Application of Process Engineering and Chemistry

Reaction Sequence

Mixing and Mass Transfer

Process Intensification

Novel Stimuli

Inherent Safety and Inherent Waste Minimisation

Process Integration and Industrial Ecology

References

Bibliography

Webliography

10. Catalysis.

Catalysis, Kinetics and the Catalytically Active Species

Catalysis in the Environment

Measuring Catalysis Performance

Catalysis and Sustainability

Catalysis in Industry

Waste Reduction and Prevention through Catalysis

Catalysis and Waste as Feedstocks

Environmental and Sustainable Catalysis

Catalysis and Renewables

References

Bibliography

Webliography

11. Chemicals from Biomass.

Renewable Resources

Biomass, Renewability and Sustainability

Chemistry and Biomass: An Overview

Chemicals from Biomass: The Nature of Biomass and its Derivatives

Chemicals from Biomass: Sources of Biomass

Chemicals from Biomass: Biofuels, Commodities, Specialities and 'Platform' Chemicals

Chemicals from Biomass; Biomass Processing

Technological Interdependence and Integration

Technological Constraints

References

Bibliography

Webliography

12. Energy Production.

Primary, Secondary, Renewable and Sustainable Energy

Conventional Sources of Energy

Energy from Renewables

Secondary Energy Sources and Energy Storage

References

Bibliography

Webliography

13.The Chemist as Citizen.

Science and Ethics

Rhetoric and Evidence

Science and Public Perception

Scepticism and Open Mindedness

Logic and Fairness

Individual Action

Science, Activism and Advocacy

'Climategate'

References

Webliography

Appendix 1. Finding Stuff Out

Appendix 2. Units and Abbreviations

Appendix 3.Twelve More Green Chemistry Principles.