Foundations for modalities as procedural interventions: principles of clinical decision making Wound healing and pain Cold therapy modalities: frozen peas and more Thermotherapy: beyond fake and bake Therapeutic ultrasound and phonophoresis Electrotherapeutic modalities: electrotherapy and iontophoresis Hydrotherapy: the use of water as a therapeutic agent
Electromagnetic radiation: laser, ultraviolet, and diathermy
Mechanical modalities: traction and intermittent pneumatic compression
Muscle weakness and loss of motor performance
Considerations for modalities in selected medical conditions
Emerging modalities: is there evidence?
