The European culture area: a systematic geography

List of Illustrations

Preface

A Note about Place Names

1. What and Where Is Europe?

Europe as a Physical Entity

Europe as a Human Entity

This Book's Approach

Why Study Europe?

Sources and Suggested Readings

2. Physical Geography

Europe's Geomorphology and Hydrogeography

Mountains

Hills

Plains

Hydrogeography

Europe's Climate

Marine West Coast

Mediterranean

Humid Continental

Minor Climate Types

Vegetation and Soils

Forests

Treeless Areas

Soils

Human Alteration of the Environment

Human Modification of Lands and Waters

The Special Case of the Netherlands

Human Modification of the Atmosphere

Human Impacts on Forests

Green Europe

Sources and Suggested Readings

3. Demography

Population Distribution and Density

Population Growth Rates

Natural Increase

Migration

Major Influences on Population Geography

The Role of the Environment

Socioeconomic and Political Context

Population Policies

Scale Differences

Sources and Suggested Readings

4. The Pattern of Languages

Languages and Language Families

The Diffusion of Indo-European Tongues into Europe

The Three Major Subfamilies of Indo-European

Romance Languages

Germanic Languages

The Special Case of English

Slavic Languages

Other Indo-European Languages

Non-Indo-European Languages

Linguistic Decline and Revival

Multilingualism

Sources and Suggested Readings

5. The Geography of Religion

Pre-Christian Europe

Diffusion of Christianity

Christian Fragmentation

Roman Catholicism

Pilgrimages

Winds of Change

Protestantism

Eastern Orthodoxy

The East-West Divide

Uniate and Armenian Churches

Dechristianization

Sects and Cults

Non-Christian Minorities

Islam

Judaism

Conclusion

Sources and Suggested Readings

6. The European State System

The General Picture

The Emergence of the European State Pattern

The Twentieth-Century European State

Case Studies

France: The Quintessential Unitary State

Germany: Federalism in the European Core

The United Kingdom: Core-Periphery Tensions

Italy: Roman Legacy

Spain: A Multiethnic State

Switzerland and Belgium: Astride a Language Divide

Fragmentation in the Balkans: Yugoslavia and Its Successor States

Russia: Nation-State or Empire?

Ukraine: From Border Province to Independent State

Challenges to the Territorial State

Sources and Suggested Readings

7. Land and Life in the Rural Sector

Traditional Agriculture

Mediterranean Agriculture

Three-Field Farming

Hardscrabble Herder-Farmers

Shifting Cultivation of the North

Nomadic Herding

Traditional Land Divisions and Settlement Patterns

New Crop Introductions

Modern Agricultural Systems

Market Gardening

Dairying

Cattle/Hog Fattening

Sheep Raising

Cash Grain Farming

Reindeer Ranching

Fishing and Fish Farming

Land Tenure in the Modern Era

Production Patterns in the Modern Era

Rural Depopulation

Preserving Rural Landscapes

Sources and Suggested Readings

8. Manufacturing and Industry

Historical Overview (Pre-Eighteenth Century)

Traditional Manufacturing Systems

The Industrial Revolution

Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution

Spreading beyond the Coalfields

Impacts of Industrialization

Social Impacts

Environmental Impacts

Impacts on Transportation Infrastructure

Roads

Railroads

Waterways

Pipelines

Air Transport

Deindustrialization

Industrial Rejuvenation

Contemporary Patterns

Sources and Suggested Readings

9. The Postindustrial Economy and the Quest for European Integration

The Nature of Europe's Service and Information Economy

Communications

Energy Production

Tourism

Retailing and Governmental/Social Services

The Quaternary Sector

The Trajectory of Integration

Economic Impacts of Integration

Sources and Suggested Readings

10. The European City

The Rise of the European City

The Medieval City

City Sites

City Attributes

Medieval Urban Morphology

Renaissance-Baroque Urban Development (1500-1800)

The Industrial City

Characteristics of the Mid-Twentieth-Century European City

The Late/Postindustrial European City

The Preindustrial Core

The Preindustrial Periphery

The Industrial Suburbs

The Postindustrial Suburbs

Regional Variations

The Modern Urban Pattern

Sources and Suggested Readings

11. Europe's Changing Social and Ethnic Geography

Patterns of Social Weil-Being

Health

Employment

Education

The Role of Women

Ethnic Patterns

The Traditional Social Model in Transition

Macroeconomic Challenges 367 The Demographic Challenge

The Immigration Challenge

Sources and Suggested Readings

12. Whither European Integration?

Impetuses for Integration

Globalization

The Changing Geopolitical Order

Relationships with Surrounding Regions

Heightened Interaction

Economic Advances

The "Irrationality" of the Pattern of States

Ethno-regionalism

Impetuses for Fragmentation

Globalization

The Changing Geopolitical Order

Nationalism

Bureaucratization

Differences over Widening and Deepening

Heightened Interaction

Ethno-regionalism

Where from Here?

Sources and Suggested Readings

Glossary

Index

About the Authors