The Central Role of Teachers and Teaching in Schools
How Have Teachers Taught?
1. Standards-Based Reform and Test-Driven Accountability
A Follow-Up Study of How Teachers Taught
Expectations from Increased Accountability
Evidence from Three Districts
Summary: Making Sense of Conflicting Evidence
2. Teaching in High-Minority, High-Poverty and Low-Minority, Low-Poverty Schools
The Ongoing Challenge of Student Achievement
What Researchers Say About the Achievement Gap
Instructional Practices in Arlington, Denver, and Oakland
3. Technology Access and Use in Three School Districts
Why Computers in Schools?
Patterns of Classroom Technology Use Since the 1990s
4. Can Teaching Traditions Be Linked to Student Learning?
5. Summing Up and Reflections
Teachers "Hug the Middle"
Lessons of the Eight Year Study
Technology Use and the Non-Link Between Pedagogy and Achievement Outcomes
Reflections on the Evidence
Appendix. Research Design and Methodology: Rational and Limitations
Organization of Classroom Space
